Pediatric Nephrology

Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology includes new clinical resource brings a state of the art comprehensivereview on every clinical condition encountered in pediatric nephrology.
All essential topics in the field of pediatric nephrology are covered, including anatomy and physiology, renal replacement therapies and kidney transplantation such as Glomerulo Nephritis and some common clinical conditions involving the kidney include the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, tubular disorders and pathophysiology of their disorders.
Pediatric Nephrology research clinical observations pertaining to any aspect of the wide spectrum of acute andchronic diseases that affect renal function in children as well as on hypertension and fluid and electrolyte metabolism. Studies may involve medical, surgical, nutritional, physiologic, biochemical, pathologic or immunologic aspects of disease, imaging techniques or consequences of renal failure.

The kidneys are vital for life with their complex network of blood vessels and intricate network of tubes and tubules that filter blood of its waste products and excess water.The kidneys maintain the fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base regulation that are altered by several disease conditions as well as drugs and toxins. Nephrology(from Greek νεφρÏŒς nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the study of normal kidneyfunction , kidney problems, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). Nephrology deals with study of the normal working of the kidneys as well as its diseases. The diseases that come under the scope of nephrology include:-

Glomerular disorders that affect the tiny filtering systems of the kidneys called the glomerulus, Urine abnormalities such as excess excretion of protein, sugar, blood, casts, crystals etc.Tubulointerstitial diseases affecting the tubules in the kidneys, Renal vascular diseases affecting the blood vessel networks within the kidneys, Kidney failure that can be sudden or acute or long term or chronic, Kidney and bladder stones, Kidney infections, Cancers of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra, Effects of diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure on kidneys, Acid base imbalances, Nephroticsyndrome  and nephritis, Ill effects of drugs and toxins on the kidneys, Dialysis and its long term complications - dialysis includes hemodialysis as well as peritoneal dialysis, Autoimmune diseases including autoimmune vasculitis, lupus, etc. Polycystic kidneys diseases where large cysts or fluid filled sacs are formed within the kidney impairing its functions - this is a congenital and inherited or genetic condition.

Paediatric Nephrology evaluates and treats hematuria, proteinuria, renal tubular acidosis, nephrolithiasis,glomerulonephritis, and kidney failure. It also includes disorders of  urinary tract infections (UTI). An example ispolycystitis, a disease in which bacteria infect the urinary bladder, causing inflammation.

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys.
Renal failure is a condition in which the kidneys lose the ability to function. Nitrogenous wastes build up in the blood, the pH drops, and urine production slows down. In chronic renal failure, the urinary system declines, causing permanent loss of kidney function.

In addition to a thorough physical exam and complete medical history, the following tests are conducted.
Urine tests to check for protein
Blood tests to check the levels of cholesterol and a special blood protein called albumin
Renal ultrasound, a noninvasive test in which a transducer is passed over the kidney producing sound waves which bounce off of the kidney, transmitting a picture of the organ on a video screen. The test is used to determine the size and shape of the kidney and to detect a mass, kidney stone, cyst, or other obstruction or abnormalities.
Renal biopsy,  a procedure where a small sample of tissue is taken from the kidney through a needle. The tissue is sent for special testing to determine the specific disease.

Selective anti-hypertensive drugs in treatment of chronic kidney failure in children:
Converting enzyme inhibitors (eg: captopril, enalapril, lisinopril)
Calcium channel blockers (eg: diltiazem)
Diuretics (eg:Hydrochlorothiazide,Furosemide..etc.)
Beta blockers (Acebutalol,atenolol..etc)

Transplantation is the preferred method of treatment for end-stage renal disease in children. The rate ofpediatric kidney transplantation has been steadily rising over the past decade. The use of increasingly potent immunosuppressive drugs has lessened the risk for acute rejection substantially and improved short-term outcomes; however, the long-term outcomes have remained inadequate
Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for pediatric patients with end-stage renal failure. Living donor transplantation (LDT) has become an important therapeutic option due to the shortage of cadaver donors and increasingly long waiting times. In a living-donor transplant, an adult (18 or older) gives one kidney to the child. The donor can be either a family member or someone unrelated, such as an adult family friend. The potential donor will first undergo a series of tests to measure compatibility.
Kidney transplantation involves more than simply an operation. Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and panel reactive antibody (PRA)

There are several diseases that can cause acute kidney failure. In some cases, the child’s kidneys may not be able to remove the normal waste products that build up in the blood which can lead to severe swelling of the body and organs. So in such cases Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) is a treatment used to support children with kidney failure and/or fluid overload who are too sick for traditional dialysis.
Pediatric Renal transplantation is accepted as the treatment option for children with final stage of renal diseases such as ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease).
Artificial kidney is often a synonym for hemodialysis, but may also, more generally, refer to renal replacement therapies (with exclusion of kidney transplantation) that are in use and/or in development. Despite the ability of artificial kidney  bio artificial kidney - which uses a patient's own cells in an artificial structure is used, which would fulfill functions unaddressed by current dialysis.

Dialysis is a process that corrects the balance of fluids and chemicals in the body. It also removes waste from the body. It is needed because the kidneys are not functioning well enough to do the jobs on their own.
 There are two types of dialysis:  Hemodialysis, Peritoneal dialysis
Hemodialysis is more commonly used, peritoneal dialysis is an option for a child with a regular care giver who is able to give the treatment at home and these two types are for children with both acute and chronic kidney failure.
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy, is for children with acute kidney failure and it  is a form of hemodialysisthat can be performed continuously over a 24-hour period. This therapy is gentler and more closely replicates the function of kidneys. Because of the long time period, this therapy is well suited for children who cannot tolerate other types of dialysis.

Kidney Health Disparities pertaining to  African American, Hispanic, American Indian and Alaska Native adults are twice as likely as white adults to have diabetes, which is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression to kidney failure (also known as End Stage Renal Disease, or ESRD) is devastating and disproportionately affects minority communities. Since no specific in alternative and Ayurvedic medicine for kidney can help to treat kidney failure effectively, the best method is to combine them. Immunotherapy, as one great breakthrough in treating end-stage renal disease, is just a combination of advanced western medical technologies and traditional herbal medicines, so this therapy mainly has two big effects. Renal Care specialistsare dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of renal disease and injury.
Sodium restriction is necessary when the body retains sodium and water causing edema or 'swelling'. Calorieintake should be adequate in order to prevent tissue loss and also for protein build up. About 40-50cal/kg per day are sufficient. At least 50% of prescribed protein should be of high biological value and should be distributed in all the meals for better utilization.
Low potassium fruits should be eaten once or twice a week. Fluids should be restricted to the prescribed amounts.

Pediatric nephrologists are the coordinators of a team that includes specialized nurses, dieticians, and social workers, all dedicated to the care of children with kidney diseases. They work closely with other physicians such as pediatric urologists, pediatric surgeons, and pediatric radiologists.
Nephrology is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy. Pediatric Nephrology will address the issues related to Pediatric Renal care. So this Program will be going to  receive with an enthusiasm by Pediatric Nephrologists. Delegates will have the opportunity to get valuable insights by attending to an exciting and interactive  scientific program with state of the art presentation, video demonstrations and hands- on workshops, delivered by a World-class  Pediatric Nephrology Faculty.